O | |
---|---|
O o | |
(See below) | |
Usage | |
Writing system | Latin script |
Type | Alphabetic |
Language of origin | Latin language |
Phonetic usage | [o] [o̞] [ɔ] /oʊ/ [uː] [ʌ] [ɒ] [ø] [a] [ʕ] [w] [◌ʷ] [ʊ] |
Unicode value | U+004F, U+006F |
Alphabetical position | 15 |
History | |
Development | |
Time period | ~-700 to present |
Descendants | • Ö • ⱺ • Ø • Œ • Ɔ • Ơ • Ỏ • Ꝋ • ∅ • º • ℅ |
Sisters | ᴥ Ƹ ʿ О Ю Ө ע ع ܥ ࠏ ዐ ࡘ ჺ Ոո Օօ ᱳ ᱜ ᱣ |
Variations | (See below) |
Other | |
Other letters commonly used with | o(x) |
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. |
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O (namedo/oʊ/, plural oes)[1] is the 15th letter and the fourth vowel in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
- 2Use in writing systems
- 3Related characters
History[edit]
Its graphic form has remained fairly constant from Phoenician times until today. The name of the Phoenician letter was ʿeyn, meaning 'eye', and indeed its shape originates simply as a drawing of a human eye (possibly inspired by the corresponding Egyptian hieroglyph, cf. Proto-Sinaitic script).Its original sound value was that of a consonant, probably [ʕ], the sound is represented by the cognate Arabic letterع ʿayn.
The use of this Phoenician letter for a vowel sound is due to the early Greek alphabets, which adopted the letter as O 'omicron' to represent the vowel /o/.The letter was adopted with this value in the Old Italic alphabets, including the early Latin alphabet.In Greek, a variation of the form later came to distinguish this long sound (Omega, meaning 'large O') from the short o (Omicron, meaning 'small o').Greek omicron gave rise to the corresponding Cyrillic letter O and the early Italic letter to runic ᛟ.
Even alphabets that are not derived from Semitic tend to have similar forms to represent this sound; for example, the creators of the Afaka and Ol Chiki scripts, each invented in different parts of the world in the last century, both attributed their vowels for 'O' to the shape of the mouth when making this sound.[original research?]
Use in writing systems[edit]
English[edit]
The letter ⟨o⟩ is the fourth most common letter in the English alphabet.[2] Like the other English vowel letters, it has associated 'long' and 'short' pronunciations. The 'long' ⟨o⟩ as in boat is actually most often a diphthong/oʊ/ (realized dialectically anywhere from [o] to [əʊ]). In English there is also a 'short' ⟨o⟩ as in fox, /ɒ/, which sounds slightly different in different dialects. In most dialects of British English, it is either an open-mid back rounded vowel[ɔ] or an open back rounded vowel[ɒ]; in American English, it is most commonly an unrounded back [ɑ] to a central vowel [a].
Common digraphs include ⟨oo⟩, which represents either /uː/ or /ʊ/; ⟨oi⟩ or ⟨oy⟩, which typically represents the diphthong /ɔɪ/, and ⟨ao⟩, ⟨oe⟩, and ⟨ou⟩ which represent a variety of pronunciations depending on context and etymology.
In other contexts, especially before a letter with a minim, ⟨o⟩ may represent the sound /ʌ/, as in 'son' or 'love'. It can also represent the semivowel/w/ as in choir or quinoa.
In English, the letter ⟨o⟩ in isolation before a noun, usually capitalized, marks the vocative case, as in the titles to O Canada or O Captain! My Captain! or certain verses of the Bible.[3]
Other languages[edit]
Pronunciation of the name of the letter ⟨o⟩ in European languages
⟨o⟩ is commonly associated with the open-mid back rounded vowel[ɔ], mid back rounded vowel[o̞] or close-mid back rounded vowel[o] in many languages. Other languages use ⟨o⟩ for various values, usually back vowels which are at least partly open. Derived letters such as ⟨ö⟩ and ⟨ø⟩ have been created for the alphabets of some languages to distinguish values that were not present in Latin and Greek, particularly rounded front vowels.
Other systems[edit]
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, ⟨o⟩ represents the close-mid back rounded vowel.
Related characters[edit]
Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet[edit]
- Œ œ : Latin OE ligature
- O with diacritics: Ø øǾ ǿᶱ[4]Ö öȪ ȫÓ óÒ òÔ ôỐ ốỒ ồỔ ổỖ ỗỘ ộǑ ǒŐ őŎ ŏȎ ȏȮ ȯȰ ȱỌ ọƟ ɵƠ ơỚ ớỜ ờỠ ỡỢ ợỞ ởỎ ỏŌ ōṒ ṓṐ ṑÕ õȬ ȭṌ ṍṎ ṏǪ ǫȌ ȍ O̩ o̩ Ó̩ ó̩ Ò̩ ò̩ Ǭ ǭ
- Ꝍ ꝍ : O with loop was used in some medieval Nordicorthographies[5]
- ⱺ : Small o with low ring inside is used in the Swedish Dialect Alphabet[6]
- IPA-specific symbols related to O: ɔ
- Uralic Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to O:[7]
- U+1D0FᴏLATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL O
- U+1D3CᴼMODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL O
- U+1D52ᵒMODIFIER LETTER SMALL O
- U+1D11ᴑLATIN SMALL LETTER SIDEWAYS O
- U+1D13ᴓLATIN SMALL LETTER SIDEWAYS O WITH STROKE
- U+1D16ᴖLATIN SMALL LETTER TOP HALF O
- U+1D17ᴗLATIN SMALL LETTER BOTTOM HALF O
- U+1D54ᵔMODIFIER LETTER SMALL TOP HALF O
- U+1D55ᵕMODIFIER LETTER SMALL BOTTOM HALF O
- Teuthonista phonetic transcription-specific symbols related to O:[8]
- U+AB3DꬽLATIN SMALL LETTER BLACKLETTER O
- U+AB3EꬾLATIN SMALL LETTER BLACKLETTER O WITH STROKE
- U+AB3FꬿLATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O WITH STROKE
- U+AB43ꭃLATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED O OPEN-O
- U+AB44ꭄLATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED O OPEN-O WITH STROKE
- ₒ : Subscript small o is used in Indo-European studies[9]
Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations[edit]
- Ꝋ ꝋ : Forms of O were used for medieval scribal abbreviations[5]
- ∅ : empty set symbol[10]
- º : Masculine ordinal indicator
Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets[edit]
- ? : Semitic letter Ayin, from which the following symbols originally derive
- Ο ο : Greek letter Omicron
- Ⲟ ⲟ : Coptic letter O, which derives from Greek omicron
- О о : Cyrillic letter O, which also derives from Omicron
- ? : Old Italic O, which derives from Greek Omicron, and is the ancestor of modern Latin O
- Օ օ : Armenian letter O[citation needed]
- Ο ο : Greek letter Omicron
Computing codes[edit]
Character | O | o | O | o | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O | LATIN SMALL LETTER O | FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O | FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER O | ||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | decimal | hex | decimal | hex | decimal | hex |
Unicode | 79 | U+004F | 111 | U+006F | 65327 | U+FF2F | 65359 | U+FF4F |
UTF-8 | 79 | 4F | 111 | 6F | 239 188 175 | EF BC AF | 239 189 143 | EF BD 8F |
Numeric character reference | O | O | o | o | O | O | o | o |
EBCDIC family | 214 | D6 | 150 | 96 | ||||
ASCIIg1 | 79 | 4F | 111 | 6F |
- 1Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.
Other representations[edit]
NATO phonetic | Morse code |
Oscar | ––– |
Signal flag | Flag semaphore | American manual alphabet (ASLfingerspelling) | Braille dots-135 |
See also[edit]
- Oxygen = O
- Open O (Ɔ ɔ)
O&o Diskimage 11
References[edit]
- ^'O' Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989);Chambers-Happap, 'oes' op. cit.Oes is the plural of the name of the letter. The plural of the letter itself is rendered Os, O's, os, o's.
- ^'Frequency Table'. www.math.cornell.edu.
- ^'Quick search: 'o lord''. Retrieved 2013-12-05.
- ^Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). 'L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS'(PDF).
- ^ abEverson, Michael; Baker, Peter; Emiliano, António; Grammel, Florian; Haugen, Odd Einar; Luft, Diana; Pedro, Susana; Schumacher, Gerd; Stötzner, Andreas (2006-01-30). 'L2/06-027: Proposal to add Medievalist characters to the UCS'(PDF).
- ^Lemonen, Therese; Ruppel, Klaas; Kolehmainen, Erkki I.; Sandström, Caroline (2006-01-26). 'L2/06-036: Proposal to encode characters for Ordbok över Finlands svenska folkmål in the UCS'(PDF).
- ^Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). 'L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS'(PDF).
- ^Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2011-06-02). 'L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode 'Teuthonista' phonetic characters in the UCS'(PDF).
- ^Anderson, Deborah; Everson, Michael (2004-06-07). 'L2/04-191: Proposal to encode six Indo-Europeanist phonetic characters in the UCS'(PDF).
- ^'Earliest Uses of Symbols of Set Theory and Logic'. jeff560.tripod.com.
External links[edit]
O O Diskimage 9 Serial Key
Wikimedia Commons has media related to O. |
Look up O in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
O&o Diskimage 9 Serial Key Codes
Look up o in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
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